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+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
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|00000ec0| 67 69 76 65 6e 20 62 79 | 20 74 68 65 0a 70 72 6f |given by| the.pro|
|00000ed0| 67 72 61 6d 73 2e 20 20 | 46 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 2c |grams.  |Finally,|
|00000ee0| 20 43 4f 50 53 20 69 73 | 20 61 6e 20 65 76 6f 6c | COPS is| an evol|
|00000ef0| 76 69 6e 67 20 62 65 61 | 73 74 2e 20 20 49 74 20 |ving bea|st.  It |
|00000f00| 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 73 | 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 0a |includes| a list.|
|00000f10| 6f 66 20 70 6f 73 73 69 | 62 6c 65 20 65 78 74 65 |of possi|ble exte|
|00000f20| 6e 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 6d 69 67 68 |nsions t|hat migh|
|00000f30| 74 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 | 20 69 6e 20 66 75 74 75 |t appear| in futu|
|00000f40| 72 65 20 72 65 6c 65 61 | 73 65 73 2c 20 61 73 20 |re relea|ses, as |
|00000f50| 77 65 6c 6c 0a 61 73 20 | 70 6f 69 6e 74 65 72 73 |well.as |pointers|
|00000f60| 20 74 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 | 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 20 | to othe|r works |
|00000f70| 69 6e 20 55 4e 49 58 20 | 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 |in UNIX |security|
|00000f80| 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f | 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 | that co|uld not |
|00000f90| 62 65 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 | 64 65 64 0a 61 74 20 74 |be inclu|ded.at t|
|00000fa0| 68 69 73 20 74 69 6d 65 | 2c 20 64 75 65 20 74 6f |his time|, due to|
|00000fb0| 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 6f | 72 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 | space o|r other |
|00000fc0| 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0a 0a 20 |restrict|ions... |
|00000fd0| 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 64 | 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 |  This d|ocument |
|00000fe0| 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 | 20 73 69 78 20 73 65 63 |contains| six sec|
|00000ff0| 74 69 6f 6e 73 3a 0a 0a | 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 29 |tions:..|      1)|
|00001000| 20 57 68 61 74 20 69 73 | 20 43 4f 50 53 3f 0a 20 | What is| COPS?. |
|00001010| 20 20 20 20 20 32 29 20 | 57 68 61 74 20 43 4f 50 |     2) |What COP|
|00001020| 53 20 69 73 20 5f 6e 6f | 74 5f 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |S is _no|t_.     |
|00001030| 20 33 29 20 48 6f 77 20 | 74 6f 20 43 6f 6e 66 69 | 3) How |to Confi|
|00001040| 67 75 72 65 20 43 4f 50 | 53 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |gure COP|S.      |
|00001050| 34 29 20 52 75 6e 6e 69 | 6e 67 20 43 4f 50 53 20 |4) Runni|ng COPS |
|00001060| 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 | 31 73 74 20 54 69 6d 65 |for the |1st Time|
|00001070| 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 | 29 20 43 6f 6e 74 69 6e |.      5|) Contin|
|00001080| 75 65 64 20 55 73 65 20 | 61 6e 64 20 49 6e 73 74 |ued Use |and Inst|
|00001090| 61 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 43 | 4f 50 53 0a 20 20 20 20 |alling C|OPS.    |
|000010a0| 20 20 36 29 20 44 69 73 | 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 72 20 |  6) Dis|claimer |
|000010b0| 61 6e 64 20 45 6e 64 20 | 4e 6f 74 65 73 0a 0a 0a |and End |Notes...|
|000010c0| 31 29 20 57 68 61 74 20 | 69 73 20 43 4f 50 53 3f |1) What |is COPS?|
|000010d0| 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |.-------|--------|
|000010e0| 2d 2d 0a 0a 20 20 20 43 | 4f 50 53 20 69 73 20 61 |--..   C|OPS is a|
|000010f0| 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 | collect|ion of a|
|00001100| 62 6f 75 74 20 61 20 64 | 6f 7a 65 6e 20 28 61 63 |bout a d|ozen (ac|
|00001110| 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 | 61 20 66 65 77 20 6d 6f |tually, |a few mo|
|00001120| 72 65 2c 20 62 75 74 0a | 61 20 64 6f 7a 65 6e 20 |re, but.|a dozen |
|00001130| 69 73 20 73 75 63 68 20 | 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 73 |is such |a good s|
|00001140| 6f 75 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 | 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 29 20 |ounding |number) |
|00001150| 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 61 |programs| that ea|
|00001160| 63 68 20 61 74 74 65 6d | 70 74 0a 74 6f 20 74 61 |ch attem|pt.to ta|
|00001170| 63 6b 6c 65 20 61 20 64 | 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 |ckle a d|ifferent|
|00001180| 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d | 20 61 72 65 61 20 6f 66 | problem| area of|
|00001190| 20 55 4e 49 58 20 73 65 | 63 75 72 69 74 79 2e 20 | UNIX se|curity. |
|000011a0| 20 48 65 72 65 20 69 73 | 20 77 68 61 74 20 69 74 | Here is| what it|
|000011b0| 0a 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 | 6c 79 20 63 68 65 63 6b |.current|ly check|
|000011c0| 73 3a 0a 0a 6f 20 20 66 | 69 6c 65 2c 20 64 69 72 |s:..o  f|ile, dir|
|000011d0| 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 64 65 76 69 |ectory, |and devi|
|000011e0| 63 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 | 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 2f 6d |ce permi|ssions/m|
|000011f0| 6f 64 65 73 2e 0a 0a 6f | 20 20 70 6f 6f 72 20 70 |odes...o|  poor p|
|00001200| 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 73 | 2e 0a 0a 6f 20 20 63 6f |asswords|...o  co|
|00001210| 6e 74 65 6e 74 2c 20 66 | 6f 72 6d 61 74 2c 20 61 |ntent, f|ormat, a|
|00001220| 6e 64 20 73 65 63 75 72 | 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 70 |nd secur|ity of p|
|00001230| 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 | 61 6e 64 20 67 72 6f 75 |assword |and grou|
|00001240| 70 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e | 0a 0a 6f 20 20 74 68 65 |p files.|..o  the|
|00001250| 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d | 73 20 61 6e 64 20 66 69 | program|s and fi|
|00001260| 6c 65 73 20 72 75 6e 20 | 69 6e 20 2f 65 74 63 2f |les run |in /etc/|
|00001270| 72 63 2a 20 61 6e 64 20 | 63 72 6f 6e 28 74 61 62 |rc* and |cron(tab|
|00001280| 29 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e | 0a 0a 6f 20 20 66 69 6e |) files.|..o  fin|
|00001290| 64 73 20 53 55 49 44 20 | 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 61 |ds SUID |files, a|
|000012a0| 6e 64 20 63 68 65 63 6b | 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 |nd check|s for th|
|000012b0| 65 69 72 20 77 72 69 74 | 65 61 62 69 6c 69 74 79 |eir writ|eability|
|000012c0| 20 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20 | 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 | and if |they are|
|000012d0| 0a 20 20 20 73 68 65 6c | 6c 20 73 63 72 69 70 74 |.   shel|l script|
|000012e0| 73 2e 0a 0a 6f 20 20 72 | 75 6e 73 20 61 20 63 72 |s...o  r|uns a cr|
|000012f0| 63 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 | 61 67 61 69 6e 73 74 20 |c check |against |
|00001300| 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e | 74 20 62 69 6e 61 72 69 |importan|t binari|
|00001310| 65 73 20 6f 72 20 6b 65 | 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c |es or ke|y files,|
|00001320| 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 70 | 6f 72 74 73 0a 20 20 20 | and rep|orts.   |
|00001330| 61 6e 79 20 63 68 61 6e | 67 65 73 20 74 68 65 72 |any chan|ges ther|
|00001340| 65 69 6e 2e 0a 0a 6f 20 | 20 77 72 69 74 61 62 69 |ein...o | writabi|
|00001350| 6c 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 | 75 73 65 72 73 20 68 6f |lity of |users ho|
|00001360| 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 | 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 |me direc|tories a|
|00001370| 6e 64 20 73 74 61 72 74 | 75 70 20 66 69 6c 65 73 |nd start|up files|
|00001380| 20 28 2e 70 72 6f 66 69 | 6c 65 2c 0a 20 20 20 2e | (.profi|le,.   .|
|00001390| 63 73 68 72 63 2c 20 65 | 74 63 2e 29 0a 0a 6f 20 |cshrc, e|tc.)..o |
|000013a0| 20 61 6e 6f 6e 79 6d 6f | 75 73 20 66 74 70 20 73 | anonymo|us ftp s|
|000013b0| 65 74 75 70 2e 0a 0a 6f | 20 20 75 6e 72 65 73 74 |etup...o|  unrest|
|000013c0| 72 69 63 74 65 64 20 74 | 66 74 70 2c 20 64 65 63 |ricted t|ftp, dec|
|000013d0| 6f 64 65 20 61 6c 69 61 | 73 20 69 6e 20 73 65 6e |ode alia|s in sen|
|000013e0| 64 6d 61 69 6c 2c 20 53 | 55 49 44 20 75 75 64 65 |dmail, S|UID uude|
|000013f0| 63 6f 64 65 20 70 72 6f | 62 6c 65 6d 73 2e 0a 0a |code pro|blems...|
|00001400| 6f 20 20 6d 69 73 63 65 | 6c 6c 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 |o  misce|llaneous|
|00001410| 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 63 68 | 65 63 6b 73 20 2d 2d 20 | root ch|ecks -- |
|00001420| 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 | 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 |current |director|
|00001430| 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 |y in the| search |
|00001440| 70 61 74 68 2c 0a 20 20 | 20 61 20 22 2b 22 20 69 |path,.  | a "+" i|
|00001450| 6e 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 68 | 6f 73 74 2e 65 71 75 69 |n /etc/h|ost.equi|
|00001460| 76 2c 20 75 6e 72 65 73 | 74 72 69 63 74 65 64 20 |v, unres|tricted |
|00001470| 4e 46 53 20 6d 6f 75 6e | 74 73 2c 20 65 6e 73 75 |NFS moun|ts, ensu|
|00001480| 72 65 73 20 72 6f 6f 74 | 20 69 73 0a 20 20 20 69 |res root| is.   i|
|00001490| 6e 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 66 | 74 70 75 73 65 72 73 2c |n /etc/f|tpusers,|
|000014a0| 20 65 74 63 2e 0a 0a 6f | 20 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 | etc...o|  includ|
|000014b0| 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 4b | 75 61 6e 67 20 65 78 70 |es the K|uang exp|
|000014c0| 65 72 74 20 73 79 73 74 | 65 6d 2c 20 74 68 61 74 |ert syst|em, that|
|000014d0| 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 61 | 20 73 65 74 20 6f 66 20 | takes a| set of |
|000014e0| 72 75 6c 65 73 20 61 6e | 64 20 74 72 69 65 73 0a |rules an|d tries.|
|000014f0| 20 20 20 74 6f 20 64 65 | 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 |   to de|termine |
|00001500| 69 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 | 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 |if your |system c|
|00001510| 61 6e 20 62 65 20 63 6f | 6d 70 72 6f 6d 69 73 65 |an be co|mpromise|
|00001520| 64 20 28 66 6f 72 20 61 | 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 63 6f |d (for a| more co|
|00001530| 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 20 6c | 69 73 74 0a 20 20 20 6f |mplete l|ist.   o|
|00001540| 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 65 |f all of| the che|
|00001550| 63 6b 73 2c 20 6c 6f 6f | 6b 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 |cks, loo|k at the|
|00001560| 20 66 69 6c 65 20 22 72 | 65 6c 65 61 73 65 2e 6e | file "r|elease.n|
|00001570| 6f 74 65 73 22 20 6f 72 | 20 22 63 6f 70 73 2e 72 |otes" or| "cops.r|
|00001580| 65 70 6f 72 74 22 3b 0a | 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 6d |eport";.|   for m|
|00001590| 6f 72 65 20 6f 6e 20 4b | 75 61 6e 67 2c 20 6c 6f |ore on K|uang, lo|
|000015a0| 6f 6b 20 61 74 20 61 74 | 20 22 6b 75 61 6e 67 2e |ok at at| "kuang.|
|000015b0| 6d 61 6e 22 2e 29 0a 0a | 20 20 20 41 6c 6c 20 6f |man".)..|   All o|
|000015c0| 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 6d |f the pr|ograms m|
|000015d0| 65 72 65 6c 79 20 77 61 | 72 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 |erely wa|rn the u|
|000015e0| 73 65 72 20 6f 66 20 61 | 20 70 6f 74 65 6e 74 69 |ser of a| potenti|
|000015f0| 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 62 6c | 65 6d 20 2d 2d 0a 43 4f |al probl|em --.CO|
|00001600| 50 53 20 44 4f 45 53 20 | 4e 4f 54 20 41 54 54 45 |PS DOES |NOT ATTE|
|00001610| 4d 50 54 20 54 4f 20 43 | 4f 52 52 45 43 54 20 4f |MPT TO C|ORRECT O|
|00001620| 52 20 45 58 50 4c 4f 49 | 54 20 41 4e 59 20 4f 46 |R EXPLOI|T ANY OF|
|00001630| 20 54 48 45 20 50 4f 54 | 45 4e 54 49 41 4c 20 50 | THE POT|ENTIAL P|
|00001640| 52 4f 42 4c 45 4d 53 0a | 49 54 20 46 49 4e 44 53 |ROBLEMS.|IT FINDS|
|00001650| 21 20 20 43 4f 50 53 20 | 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 6d |!  COPS |either m|
|00001660| 61 69 6c 73 20 6f 72 20 | 63 72 65 61 74 65 73 20 |ails or |creates |
|00001670| 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 | 75 73 65 72 20 73 65 6c |a file (|user sel|
|00001680| 65 63 74 61 62 6c 65 29 | 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 79 0a |ectable)| of any.|
|00001690| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 |of the p|roblems |
|000016a0| 69 74 20 66 69 6e 64 73 | 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 72 |it finds| while r|
|000016b0| 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f | 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 |unning o|n your s|
|000016c0| 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 20 | 41 6e 64 20 62 65 63 61 |ystem.  |And beca|
|000016d0| 75 73 65 20 43 4f 50 53 | 0a 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f |use COPS|.does no|
|000016e0| 74 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 | 74 20 70 6f 74 65 6e 74 |t correc|t potent|
|000016f0| 69 61 6c 20 68 61 7a 61 | 72 64 73 20 69 74 20 66 |ial haza|rds it f|
|00001700| 69 6e 64 73 2c 20 69 74 | 20 64 6f 65 73 20 5f 6e |inds, it| does _n|
|00001710| 6f 74 5f 20 68 61 76 65 | 20 74 6f 20 62 65 0a 72 |ot_ have| to be.r|
|00001720| 75 6e 20 62 79 20 61 20 | 70 72 69 76 69 6c 65 67 |un by a |privileg|
|00001730| 65 64 20 61 63 63 6f 75 | 6e 74 20 28 69 2e 65 2e |ed accou|nt (i.e.|
|00001740| 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 6f 72 | 20 77 68 6f 6d 65 76 65 | root or| whomeve|
|00001750| 72 2e 29 20 20 54 68 65 | 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 73 65 |r.)  The| only se|
|00001760| 63 75 72 69 74 79 0a 63 | 68 65 63 6b 20 74 68 61 |curity.c|heck tha|
|00001770| 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 | 20 62 65 20 72 75 6e 20 |t should| be run |
|00001780| 62 79 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 | 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 6d |by root |to get m|
|00001790| 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 72 | 65 73 75 6c 74 73 20 69 |aximum r|esults i|
|000017a0| 73 20 74 68 65 20 53 55 | 49 44 20 63 68 65 63 6b |s the SU|ID check|
|000017b0| 65 72 3b 0a 61 6c 74 68 | 6f 75 67 68 20 69 74 20 |er;.alth|ough it |
|000017c0| 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 72 | 75 6e 20 61 73 20 61 6e |can be r|un as an|
|000017d0| 20 75 6e 70 72 69 76 69 | 6c 65 67 65 64 20 75 73 | unprivi|leged us|
|000017e0| 65 72 2c 20 74 6f 20 66 | 69 6e 64 20 61 6c 6c 20 |er, to f|ind all |
|000017f0| 74 68 65 20 53 55 49 44 | 20 66 69 6c 65 73 0a 69 |the SUID| files.i|
|00001800| 6e 20 61 20 73 79 73 74 | 65 6d 2c 20 69 74 20 73 |n a syst|em, it s|
|00001810| 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 | 20 72 75 6e 20 61 73 20 |hould be| run as |
|00001820| 72 6f 6f 74 20 28 69 6e | 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f |root (in| additio|
|00001830| 6e 2c 20 69 66 20 6b 65 | 79 20 62 69 6e 61 72 69 |n, if ke|y binari|
|00001840| 65 73 20 61 72 65 0a 6e | 6f 74 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 |es are.n|ot world|
|00001850| 20 72 65 61 64 61 62 6c | 65 2c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 | readabl|e, only |
|00001860| 65 78 65 63 75 74 61 62 | 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 |executab|le, the |
|00001870| 43 52 43 20 63 68 65 63 | 6b 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f |CRC chec|king pro|
|00001880| 67 72 61 6d 20 28 22 63 | 72 63 2e 63 68 6b 22 29 |gram ("c|rc.chk")|
|00001890| 0a 6e 65 65 64 73 20 74 | 6f 20 62 65 20 72 75 6e |.needs t|o be run|
|000018a0| 20 61 73 20 61 20 70 72 | 69 76 69 6c 65 67 65 64 | as a pr|ivileged|
|000018b0| 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f | 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 | user to| read th|
|000018c0| 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 | 6e 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 |e file i|n questi|
|000018d0| 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 67 65 | 74 0a 74 68 65 20 72 65 |on to ge|t.the re|
|000018e0| 73 75 6c 74 2e 29 20 20 | 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 |sult.)  |In addit|
|000018f0| 69 6f 6e 2c 20 43 4f 50 | 53 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 |ion, COP|S cannot|
|00001900| 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f | 20 70 72 6f 62 65 20 61 | used to| probe a|
|00001910| 20 68 6f 73 74 20 72 65 | 6d 6f 74 65 6c 79 3b 20 | host re|motely; |
|00001920| 61 6c 6c 0a 74 68 65 20 | 74 65 73 74 73 20 61 6e |all.the |tests an|
|00001930| 64 20 63 68 65 63 6b 73 | 20 6d 61 64 65 20 72 65 |d checks| made re|
|00001940| 71 75 69 72 65 20 61 20 | 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 74 68 |quire a |shell th|
|00001950| 61 74 20 69 73 20 6f 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 74 |at is on| the sit|
|00001960| 65 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 | 74 65 73 74 65 64 2e 0a |e being |tested..|
|00001970| 0a 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 |.   The |programs|
|00001980| 20 61 72 65 20 6d 6f 73 | 74 6c 79 20 77 72 69 74 | are mos|tly writ|
|00001990| 74 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 42 | 6f 75 72 6e 65 20 73 68 |ten in B|ourne sh|
|000019a0| 65 6c 6c 20 28 75 73 69 | 6e 67 20 61 77 6b 2c 20 |ell (usi|ng awk, |
|000019b0| 73 65 64 2c 20 67 72 65 | 70 2c 0a 65 74 63 2e 20 |sed, gre|p,.etc. |
|000019c0| 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 29 | 20 66 6f 72 20 28 68 6f |as well)| for (ho|
|000019d0| 70 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 29 | 20 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d |pefully)| maximum|
|000019e0| 20 70 6f 72 74 61 62 69 | 6c 69 74 79 2e 20 20 41 | portabi|lity.  A|
|000019f0| 20 66 65 77 20 61 72 65 | 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e | few are| written|
|00001a00| 0a 69 6e 20 43 20 66 6f | 72 20 73 70 65 65 64 20 |.in C fo|r speed |
|00001a10| 28 6d 6f 73 74 20 6e 6f | 74 61 62 6c 79 20 74 68 |(most no|tably th|
|00001a20| 65 20 4b 75 61 6e 67 20 | 65 78 70 65 72 74 20 73 |e Kuang |expert s|
|00001a30| 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6e | 64 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6d |ystem an|d for im|
|00001a40| 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 69 | 6e 67 0a 66 61 73 74 20 |plementi|ng.fast |
|00001a50| 75 73 65 72 20 68 6f 6d | 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 |user hom|e direct|
|00001a60| 6f 72 79 20 73 65 61 72 | 63 68 69 6e 67 29 2c 20 |ory sear|ching), |
|00001a70| 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 73 |but the |entire s|
|00001a80| 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 68 | 6f 75 6c 64 20 72 75 6e |ystem sh|ould run|
|00001a90| 20 6f 6e 0a 6d 6f 73 74 | 20 42 53 44 20 61 6e 64 | on.most| BSD and|
|00001aa0| 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 | 56 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e | System |V machin|
|00001ab0| 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 61 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 75 |es with |a minimu|
|00001ac0| 6d 20 6f 66 20 74 77 65 | 61 6b 69 6e 67 2e 0a 0a |m of twe|aking...|
|00001ad0| 32 29 20 57 68 61 74 20 | 43 4f 50 53 20 69 73 20 |2) What |COPS is |
|00001ae0| 5f 6e 6f 74 5f 0a 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |_not_.--|--------|
|00001af0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 0a 0a 20 20 |--------|----..  |
|00001b00| 20 43 4f 50 53 20 6d 65 | 72 65 6c 79 20 70 72 6f | COPS me|rely pro|
|00001b10| 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 20 | 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 20 6f |vides a |method o|
|00001b20| 66 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 | 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 63 |f checki|ng for c|
|00001b30| 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 70 72 | 6f 63 65 64 75 72 61 6c |ommon pr|ocedural|
|00001b40| 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 2e | 0a 49 74 20 69 73 20 6e | errors.|.It is n|
|00001b50| 6f 74 20 6d 65 61 6e 74 | 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 75 |ot meant| to be u|
|00001b60| 73 65 64 20 61 73 20 61 | 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 |sed as a| replace|
|00001b70| 6d 65 6e 74 20 66 6f 72 | 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 |ment for| common |
|00001b80| 73 65 6e 73 65 20 6f 72 | 20 75 73 65 72 2f 0a 6f |sense or| user/.o|
|00001b90| 70 65 72 61 74 6f 72 2f | 61 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 |perator/|administ|
|00001ba0| 72 61 74 69 76 65 20 61 | 6c 65 72 74 6e 65 73 73 |rative a|lertness|
|00001bb0| 21 20 20 54 68 69 6e 6b | 20 6f 66 20 69 74 20 61 |!  Think| of it a|
|00001bc0| 73 20 61 6e 20 61 69 64 | 2c 20 61 20 66 69 72 73 |s an aid|, a firs|
|00001bd0| 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 0a 6f | 66 20 64 65 66 65 6e 73 |t line.o|f defens|
|00001be0| 65 20 2d 2d 20 6e 6f 74 | 20 61 73 20 61 6e 20 69 |e -- not| as an i|
|00001bf0| 6d 70 65 6e 65 74 72 61 | 62 6c 65 20 73 68 69 65 |mpenetra|ble shie|
|00001c00| 6c 64 20 61 67 61 69 6e | 73 74 20 73 65 63 75 72 |ld again|st secur|
|00001c10| 69 74 79 20 77 6f 65 73 | 2e 20 20 41 6e 0a 65 78 |ity woes|.  An.ex|
|00001c20| 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 | 64 20 77 72 6f 6e 67 2d |perience|d wrong-|
|00001c30| 64 6f 65 72 20 63 6f 75 | 6c 64 20 65 61 73 69 6c |doer cou|ld easil|
|00001c40| 79 20 63 69 72 63 75 6d | 6e 61 76 69 67 61 74 65 |y circum|navigate|
|00001c50| 20 5f 61 6e 79 5f 20 70 | 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6f | _any_ p|rotectio|
|00001c60| 6e 20 74 68 61 74 0a 43 | 4f 50 53 20 63 61 6e 20 |n that.C|OPS can |
|00001c70| 67 69 76 65 2e 20 20 48 | 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 |give.  H|owever, |
|00001c80| 43 4f 50 53 20 5f 63 61 | 6e 5f 20 61 69 64 20 61 |COPS _ca|n_ aid a|
|00001c90| 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 | 69 6e 20 70 72 6f 74 65 | system |in prote|
|00001ca0| 63 74 69 6e 67 20 69 74 | 73 20 75 73 65 72 73 0a |cting it|s users.|
|00001cb0| 66 72 6f 6d 20 28 74 68 | 65 69 72 20 6f 77 6e 3f |from (th|eir own?|
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|00004500| 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | 3d 3d 3d 3d 20 20 20 3d |========|====   =|
|00004510| 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 20 | 20 20 20 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d |======= |   =====|
|00004520| 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d | 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 0a 63 72 |========|=====.cr|
|00004530| 61 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ay      |        |
|00004540| 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 69 | 62 63 61 67 65 20 20 20 |      ri|bcage   |
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|00004590| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 66 6f 6f 20 |        |    foo |
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|000045b0| 0a 73 75 6e 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.sun    |        |
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|00005630| 72 65 66 6c 65 63 74 20 | 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 |reflect |where th|
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|00005660| 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 29 | 0a 0a 36 29 20 44 69 73 |system.)|..6) Dis|
|00005670| 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 72 20 | 61 6e 64 20 45 6e 64 20 |claimer |and End |
|00005680| 4e 6f 74 65 73 0a 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |Notes.--|--------|
|00005690| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000056a0| 2d 2d 0a 0a 20 20 20 43 | 4f 50 53 20 69 73 20 6d |--..   C|OPS is m|
|000056b0| 65 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 | 62 65 20 61 20 74 6f 6f |eant to |be a too|
|000056c0| 6c 20 74 6f 20 61 69 64 | 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |l to aid| in the |
|000056d0| 74 69 67 68 74 65 6e 69 | 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 73 65 |tighteni|ng of se|
|000056e0| 63 75 72 69 74 79 2c 20 | 6e 6f 74 0a 61 73 20 61 |curity, |not.as a|
|000056f0| 20 77 65 61 70 6f 6e 20 | 74 6f 20 62 65 20 75 73 | weapon |to be us|
|00005700| 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 6e | 20 65 6e 65 6d 79 20 74 |ed by an| enemy t|
|00005710| 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 20 73 | 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 |o find s|ecurity |
|00005720| 66 6c 61 77 73 20 69 6e | 20 61 20 73 79 73 74 65 |flaws in| a syste|
|00005730| 6d 2e 0a 49 74 20 6d 61 | 79 20 62 65 20 61 72 67 |m..It ma|y be arg|
|00005740| 75 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e |ued that| allowin|
|00005750| 67 20 61 6e 79 6f 6e 65 | 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 |g anyone| to have|
|00005760| 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 | 74 6f 20 73 75 63 68 20 | access |to such |
|00005770| 61 20 74 6f 6f 6c 20 6d | 61 79 0a 62 65 20 64 61 |a tool m|ay.be da|
|00005780| 6e 67 65 72 6f 75 73 2e | 20 20 42 75 74 20 68 6f |ngerous.|  But ho|
|00005790| 70 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 | 74 68 65 20 6f 76 65 72 |pefully |the over|
|000057a0| 61 6c 6c 20 62 65 6e 65 | 66 69 74 20 66 6f 72 20 |all bene|fit for |
|000057b0| 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 75 73 65 |systems |that use|
|000057c0| 0a 74 68 69 73 20 70 61 | 63 6b 61 67 65 20 77 69 |.this pa|ckage wi|
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|000057e0| 6e 65 67 61 74 69 76 65 | 20 69 6d 70 61 63 74 2e |negative| impact.|
|000057f0| 20 20 54 6f 20 6d 65 20 | 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 6b |  To me |it is ak|
|00005800| 69 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 0a | 6c 61 77 20 65 6e 66 6f |in to a.|law enfo|
|00005810| 72 63 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 | 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 |rcement |problem |
|00005820| 2d 2d 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 61 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 |-- that |although|
|00005830| 20 74 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 | 20 74 68 65 20 70 75 62 | telling| the pub|
|00005840| 6c 69 63 20 68 6f 77 20 | 74 6f 20 62 72 65 61 6b |lic how |to break|
|00005850| 0a 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 | 68 6f 75 73 65 20 6d 61 |.into a |house ma|
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|00005890| 20 6f 76 65 72 61 6c 6c | 0a 72 69 73 65 20 69 6e | overall|.rise in|
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|000058c0| 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6d 73 | 65 6c 76 65 73 20 77 6f |nd thems|elves wo|
|000058d0| 75 6c 64 20 61 63 74 75 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 72 65 73 |uld actu|ally res|
|000058e0| 75 6c 74 0a 69 6e 20 61 | 20 64 72 6f 70 20 69 6e |ult.in a| drop in|
|000058f0| 20 62 72 65 61 6b 2d 69 | 6e 73 2e 20 20 54 68 65 | break-i|ns.  The|
|00005900| 20 63 72 61 63 6b 65 72 | 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 62 | cracker|s with b|
|00005910| 6c 61 63 6b 20 68 61 74 | 73 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 |lack hat|s alread|
|00005920| 79 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 68 | 6f 77 0a 74 6f 20 63 72 |y know h|ow.to cr|
|00005930| 75 73 68 20 73 79 73 74 | 65 6d 20 64 65 66 65 6e |ush syst|em defen|
|00005940| 73 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 | 68 61 76 65 20 73 69 6d |ses and |have sim|
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|00005960| 73 75 72 65 2e 20 20 49 | 74 27 73 20 74 69 6d 65 |sure.  I|t's time|
|00005970| 0a 77 65 20 66 6f 75 67 | 68 74 20 62 61 63 6b 2e |.we foug|ht back.|
|00005980| 0a 0a 20 20 43 4f 50 53 | 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 |..  COPS| is not |
|00005990| 74 68 65 20 66 69 6e 61 | 6c 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 |the fina|l answer|
|000059a0| 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 6f | 6e 65 27 73 20 73 65 63 | to anyo|ne's sec|
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|00005a20| 74 68 61 74 20 61 6e 79 | 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d |that any| problem|
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|00005a50| 6e 6f 74 20 6d 79 20 6f | 72 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 |not my o|r any of|
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|00005aa0| 20 73 6f 6c 76 65 20 74 | 68 65 6d 2c 20 69 66 20 | solve t|hem, if |
|00005ab0| 49 20 61 6d 20 61 62 6c | 65 2e 20 20 49 66 20 79 |I am abl|e.  If y|
|00005ac0| 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 | 69 64 65 61 73 20 66 6f |ou have |ideas fo|
|00005ad0| 72 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 | 6f 6e 61 6c 0a 70 72 6f |r additi|onal.pro|
|00005ae0| 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 6f | 72 20 61 20 62 65 74 74 |grams, o|r a bett|
|00005af0| 65 72 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f |er imple|mentatio|
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|00005b10| 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 | 20 68 65 72 65 2c 20 49 |programs| here, I|
|00005b20| 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 0a 62 | 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 69 | would.b|e very i|
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|00005b50| 77 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 | 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 66 20 |was the |work of |
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|00005b80| 20 63 6f 64 65 20 61 6e | 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 | code an|d in the|
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|00005ba0| 74 68 61 6e 6b 73 20 62 | 65 74 61 20 74 65 73 74 |thanks b|eta test|
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|00005bd0| 6f 6e 74 72 69 62 75 74 | 6f 72 73 2c 20 6c 6f 6f |ontribut|ors, loo|
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|00005bf0| 54 52 41 5f 43 52 45 44 | 49 54 22 2e 0a 0a 20 20 |TRA_CRED|IT"...  |
|00005c00| 20 53 6f 20 67 6f 6f 64 | 20 6c 75 63 6b 2c 20 61 | So good| luck, a|
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+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+